Mental Retardation
Alternate Names : Developmentally Delayed, Mentally Disabled
Mental retardation is defined by three things. First, the person must have had the condition since childhood, or age 18 years or younger. Second, the person has a score of 70 or less on intelligence tests, or IQ tests. Third, the person has limitations in at least two aspects of living skills, such as:
communication
education, including reading, writing, and basic math
motor function
personal care, such as bathing, dressing, eating, and toileting
social skills
thinking skills, such as decision making, problem solving, and self-direction
working
What is going on in the body?
People with mental retardation have reduced intellectual function. Sometimes it is because the brain has not formed properly. Or the brain is damaged after the child is born.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Mental retardation can be caused by a many factors, both before and after the child is born. More than 500 genetic disorders can cause mental retardation. Three are listed here:
Down syndrome
fragile X syndrome
phenylketonuria, or PKU
The following pregnancy-related problems in the mother can also cause mental retardation in the baby:
alcohol, smoking, or drug use during pregnancy
environmental toxins, such as lead and mercury
infections, such as the TORCH infections or sexually transmitted diseases
malnutrition
Birth-related stresses may cause brain injury and result in mental retardation. Premature birth and low birth weight are often associated with mental retardation. Birth trauma and lack of oxygen may cause brain damage.
Childhood infections, toxins, and accidents can also cause mental retardation. These include the following:
chickenpox, measles, and whooping cough
environmental toxins, such as lead and mercury
head injury
meningitis and encephalitis
near drowning
physical injuries from seizures
Factors related to poverty and cultural deprivation may also lead to mental retardation:
environmental hazards
lack of access to or inappropriate medical care
lack of nurturing and appropriate stimulation
living conditions that make exposure to diseases more likely
poor nutrition in early childhood
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